The MLA Handbook, 9th edition (MLA 9) was published in 2021. It updated citation guidelines to better handle digital and non-traditional sources while maintaining the core principles of MLA format.
Key Changes in MLA 9
Core Elements System
MLA 9 continues the "core elements" system introduced in the 8th edition. Citations follow a standard template of elements in a specific order: Author, Title of Source, Title of Container, Contributors, Version, Number, Publisher, Publication Date, Location. This system applies to all source types.
Simplified Formatting
- Periods after most elements (replacing the previous comma + period system)
- Simplified handling of URLs and DOIs
- More flexibility for unknown or missing information
- Updated guidance for inclusive language
URLs and DOIs
MLA 9 recommends including DOIs when available, formatted as https://doi.org/10.xxxx/xxxxx. For other online sources, include a URL. URLs can be shortened if needed, and the "Retrieved from" prefix is no longer required.
New Source Types
MLA 9 provides updated guidance for citing social media posts, streaming services, podcasts, and other digital sources. The core elements system makes it easier to cite sources that don't fit traditional categories.
Paper Formatting
The basic paper formatting rules remain the same in MLA 9:
- 1-inch margins on all sides
- 12-point Times New Roman font
- Double spacing throughout
- Running header with last name and page number
- First-page heading with name, instructor, course, date
- Centered title below the heading
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